Role of Religion in Europe - 868 Words

The role of religion in Europe During the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, religion played a major role in the efforts of the Europeans to explore and colonize the new world. The Reconquista became over a period of time a sacred mission to many of the Christian rulers and inhabitants of the peninsula. As soon as this period was finished, Spain started focusing on colonization and expansion. Some of the major events that happened during this period were the Portuguese attacks on the Moslem positions in the northern tip of Africa and the search for Christian allies against Islam. There were many factors that motivated the search for the new world. Some of these factors were religious persecution, cheaper route to the†¦show more content†¦People thought that in his land lie the fountain of youth and other mythical things. Another big role religion played in this period of time was religious persecution. This was a period of extreme religious persecution, primarily forced conversion, and the destruction of cultural materials. Islam moved to the northern part of Africa and pushed the African tribes to turn Islamic. If they didn t, they would have received death threats. Though, most of the time they werent carried out, the threat of being killed compelled most tribes to follow them. Religious persecution led to the exaultion of many tribes. In northern Europe, people were sailing across the Atlantic to escape this persecution. They didn t want to convert to the new beliefs so they sailed to the Americas. These people called themselves Pilgrims. The were looking for a home where they could freely practice their style of religion. The known reason for the separation of the Church of England was that they felt that the church had not completed the task begun by the Reformation. Another role that was introduced by religious hate towards Moslems was the trade route to the West Indies. The Portuguese rulers were started to look for a way to avoid paying their religious enemies a middle man fee. They wanted a way to eliminate the Moslem input. The heard stories of a trade route beyond the southern tip of Africa. Vasco de Gama was the first Portuguese navigator that reached the Indies. He was in theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Idea Of Europe?1749 Words   |  7 PagesKaragoz Idea of Europe Final Assignment Outline: What is the Idea of Europe? †¢ Some of defining ideas †¢ European beliefs †¢ Challenges over the time What images of Europe? †¢ Physical borders †¢ Outside of Europe †¢ Central Europe †¢ Vision of Europe What is European? What is the â€Å"Idea of Europe†? When you look at history of Europe we can define the idea of Europe in so many ways with describing beliefs, culture, religion, borders, and some of outside of factors. In overtime Europe has been describedRead MoreModel Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations1304 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween two of the following regions- Europe, East Asia, Africa or the Middle East. Model Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations With the collapse of the Roman, Gupta and Han empires, the world was left in a period of chaos with little structure in most areas. However after these collapses and the interlude that followed, post-classical civilizations arose in various regions. There were various reasons for this that ranged from rise of religion to the re-organization of politicalRead MoreCauses Of The Protestant Reformation725 Words   |  3 Pageseverything in most of Europe. It was the wealthiest thing in all the land and with that came other big concepts. The church had power over the people, over other people’s money and even other people’s lives. However, during the time period of 1300 to 1789 the churchs power declined by a significant amount. A number of things happened that decreased the churchs power during the time period of 1300 to 1789, but the Protestant reformation and the Scientific Revolution had weakened the role of the church theRead MoreReligion and Economy in Medieval Europe and Japan1305 Words   |  6 PagesReligion and Economy in Medieval Europe and Japan Social Hierarchy after Urbanization Religion did not have as much of an impact on daily life and the overall development of Japan as it did Europe. For instance the maximum of the wars were fought for wealth or power, not religion, but what it did do was influence certain features. The people in Japan stuck to their original Shinto religion when Buddhism was involuntary forced on them, but soon after they discovered Zen Buddhism; a practice that wasRead MoreThe Image of Medieval Western Europe Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesThe image of medieval western Europe can be attributed to political, religious, economic, and cultural factors. The impulse of expansion, unity under Christianity, trade, and education were key developments within the factors. Ultimetly, these developments contributed to the advancement of medieval western Europe in the postclassical period. The medieval government in western Europe exercised feudalism which also established the structure of political powers. Kings held the most authority whileRead MoreContrast the Life of the Heian-Era Courtier with That of the Kamakura Samurai.783 Words   |  4 Pagesand contrast Medieval Europe with Medieval Japan using examples from three levels of society. †¢ The feudal system of Japan and the feudal system of Europe shared similar structures and values. †¢ The two feudal systems differed in many ways. These differences can be seen in the areas of religion, literature, and the role of women. †¢ The impact of both Japanese and European feudalism is still felt today. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What similarities did the feudal societies in Europe and Japan share? JapaneseRead MoreMedieval Warfare And The Middle Ages1142 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle Ages. In Europe, technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. Warfare was an essential part of the Medieval European society, as they would often go on raids and siege castles to diminish their enemies’ forces and become more powerful themselves. However, while warfare was prominent, religion was as well and it played a huge role in the daily livesRead MoreReligious Practices And Beliefs Of The Catholic Church1327 Words   |  6 PagesFurthermore, The Protestant Reformation saw a major European movement that challenged the religious practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. With the rise of religion attracting many individuals, intellectuals began to challenge religious teachings and expose the corruption of the Church. Rather than offering salvation, the Church became corrupt and stingy for control, power, and money, in which German theologian Martin Luther, highlighted. Luther argued that people only achieve salvationRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Times Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages In the Medieval times, the Roman Catholic Church played a great role in the development of England and had much more power than the Church of today does. In Medieval England, the Roman Catholic Church dominated everyday life and controlled everyone whether it is knights, peasants or kings. The Church was one of the most influential institutions in all of Medieval England and played a large role in education and religion. The Churchs power was so great that they could order and control knightsRead MoreThe Thirty Years War : Early Modern Europe1350 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm Michels Navarro November 15, 2015 HST 111 – Early Modern Europe Thirty Years Wasted The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648) was a large influence in the pivotal turning point that changed European history for the decades to come. The long, painful war was composed of a series of battles that were primarily fought on German soil with several nations taking part. It was commonly seen to have begun when the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to restrain other religious activities

Global Warming Is The Environmental And Social Changes...

Overview Global warming are the environmental and social changes caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases. Human activities have been the primary cause of this significant change, resulting with extreme weather conditions, increasing sea level, and climate changes. In this paper I will compare and contrast natural versus anthropogenic climate changes of global warming, mitigation strategies, mitigation effectiveness, policy implications, costs, and address some policy changes to help stabilize global climate and strict standards for business sectors or nations. Natural Climate change The Earth has been experiencing a considerable amount of climate change for the last several decades. Natural factors that contribute to the climate system consist of: volcano activity, solar, and earth’s orbit around the sun. The two factors relevant on timescales of contemporary climate change are changes in volcanic activity and changes in solar radiation. The Earth’s energy balance primarily influences the amount of incoming energy. Volcanic eruptions have relatively short-term effect on climate. Changes in solar output have contributed greatly to climate trends over the past century. The effect of additions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere has been about ten times that of changes in the Sun’s output. The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface and receives twice the amount of earth’s radiation. Although the sun is the engine that drives all theShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesClimatic changes have been a major concern in the recent researches. The changes have negatively affected the production across the world and also the human lives are at stake. There are so many occurrences of unpredicted climatic effects such as the drought occurrences and the tides which affects the people. The unpredicted climatic changes have been as a result of the many factors. One of the most controversial things is that climatic changes have been caused by the social factors, which governmentRead MoreGlobal Warming Is The Environmental And Social Changes Caused By Emissions Of Greenhouse Gases1735 Words   |  7 PagesOverview Global warming is the environmental and social changes caused by emissions of greenhouse gases. Human activities have been the primary cause of this significant change, resulting with extreme weather conditions, increasing sea levels, and climate changes. In this paper I will compare and contrast natural versus anthropogenic climate changes of global warming, mitigation strategies, mitigation effectiveness, policy implications, costs, and address some policy changes to help stabilizeRead MoreFactors that Cause Global Warming792 Words   |  3 PagesA few factors cause global warming. First,the main factors of global warming is human population explain, which also threatens the balance between man and nature. Second, People cut down trees to make more than a certain carbon dioxide content of the Earth such as wearing a jacket, it will produce the greenhouse effect , the Earth will warm , the iceberg will melt , sea levels will rise, the weather will be an exception. Global warming refers to the increase in global temperatures . Nearly 100 yearsRead MoreCauses Of Environmental Issues1467 Words   |  6 PagesPeople are living with along environmental issue, social issue, personal issue, and more. Each issue can be important for a person while can be unnecessary to the others. Also, some people try to solve those issues while the others do not care. However, the global issues around the world are the most serious and concerning problems. According to Globe scan, 64% out of 25,000 people said environmental issue is the most serious problem. Like other issues, environmental issue is a growing problem aroundRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1371 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the processes that lead to climate change and strategies that can be used to address this issue. In order to comprehend how human activities contribute towards climate chan ge and global warming, we have to truly understand the science behind this phenomenon. First of all we need to clarify what anthropogenic climate change means. This refers to the change in the amount of greenhouseRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Mitigation1319 Words   |  6 Pages Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation Introduction The topic of global warming has received a lot of attention for the past couple of decades. The massive impacts and risks posed by this phenomenon on humans and environment have been severe, thus calling for swift attention. Basically, globalization refers to the rise of average temperature of oceans and earth’s atmosphere. Global warming is a reality which has faced the human society for over aRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Global Warming Introduction Global warming has been discussion for many years, but has, in the last decade or two been at the forefront of attention. The enormous effects and potential risks on humanity that can result from rise in global temperatures and the environment must be addressed, because the earth after all is finite. â€Å"Globalization refers to the rise of average temperature of oceans and earth’s atmosphere. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the earth’s average surfaceRead MoreHumans Are to Blame for Global Warming Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesHumans Are To Blame For Global Warming Kevin Odhiambo Ogwa Lake Michigan College Abstract Every human activity has a particular effect on objects surrounding his or her environment, be it physical, mental, or social. But notably, the most evident might be the effect of human activity on global warming. Global warming is quickly becoming a major topic of concern worldwide, and has been stirring up controversy everywhere with its adverse effects seen all over the world. It causes rise of theRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainable Development : Global Warming1696 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental Sustainable Development The world fears war because people have seen the impact of war. The world fears famine, floods, and earthquakes because we have all seen the damage caused by these phenomena. The world fears terrorists because we have all seen the damage they can cause. Unfortunately, few people are concerned about the dangers of climate change because the world is yet to witness its brunt. Environmentalists seem to be the only click of people worried about the activities ofRead MoreSustainability Is The Continuance Of A Defined Behavior1625 Words   |  7 PagesEarth’s abilities to produce those materials due to our consumption. This is the idea of sustainable development. Per Environmental sustainability; practice global implications, â€Å"we cannot generalize environmental sustainability with the interpretation that we must ensure that we can provide for the next generation but that our economic growth is parallel in conserving our environmental integrity; therefore, this understanding m ust come before development and not during† (Smith, 1997). Biology is the

What Is Talent Management and Why Is It Important Free Essays

First, let me start by explaining that a lot of times executives, and some HR leadership fail to recognize that performance and potential are two completely different dynamics that get often confused when companies are trying to hire new talent or possibly promote their current talent for new roles within their organizations. In fact, today’s leaders cannot assume that their current top performers are the next potential talent in the industry for future purposes. Certainly, high performers may master their specific job task at the moment, but the â€Å"potential† challenge is going to be how well they will adapt to future role changes, and the ambiguity that may follow with that new role and their current skills capability. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Talent Management and Why Is It Important? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike performance, individuals showing potential are identified by how well they adapt at accomplishing new tasks quickly and effectively while learning new roles quicker than their peers. After all, performance keeps businesses running optimally at the moment, but it’s potential that helps run the future state of the business and that’s what’s needed to bring companies to the next level. Besides, employees who have potential have the ability to grow and take on more responsibilities in the future. In short, performance keeps the business moving, while potential makes the business prosper, grow, and mature. In fact, this is where the dynamic changes to potential rather than performance. In his book on Strategy-Driven Talent Management, Silzer and Dowell, (2009) explains that Executives and human resource personnel need to be better trained at accurately assessing talent to identify both potential and behavior rather than just judging by past performance because they will need to predict and envision whether a person will be successful in the long-term or not in future new roles. In the same way, they will need to take into consideration the fact that before moving existing talent into future positions that assessment measures must be taken whether these individuals will continue to be able to perform and grow in their new roles as they did in their past roles. In particular, consider how likely they are to develop and be successful in rapidly learning, adapting, and growing into these future roles (Silzer, Dowell, 2009). In the same way, Church and Rotolo, (2013) explain in their benchmark survey of large corporations that multi-source assessment tools are a great way for organizations to make decisions about their potential talent and performance identification within their talent pools; help aid in succession planning; and drive behavior change for those selected individuals. In addition, they emphasized that not one specific tool is perfect, but that in using many feedback assessment tools the common end result should point to the same conclusion. In fact, they found specifically that the constant feedback from executives and their peers using 360-degree feedback surveys were successful in almost 70% of the organizations researched. The 360-degree feedback survey helped executives make important decisions regarding their talents potential and performance measurements towards predicting future behavior. Similarly, they also discussed the importance of making these surveys specific to their own needs, challenges, and business strategies (Church, Rotolo, 2013). Likewise, Dries, Vantilborgh, Pepermans, (2012) explain the role of learning agility and career variety in the identification and development of high potential employees. Their research found that in order to help identify talent in high potential individuals those individuals needed to succeed in a variety of other roles while being subjected to tough or difficult conditions other than their current limited job tasks and their past performance alone. In fact, those select employees needed to have a high agility for continuous learning they had to be willing and able to learn new competencies. Nevertheless, they emphasized that management in the past have always depended on current job performance to identify high potentials, but have failed because not all high performers are high potential individuals. In brief, they emphasized the need for a learning agility assessment in their development and identification of high potential individuals, in order for organizations to sustain their competitive advantage (Dries, Vantilborgh, Pepermans, 2012). Equally important, is Campbell Smith’s, (2010) article on High-potential talent: A view from inside the leadership pipeline. These two researchers found that an overwhelmingly 96% of survey participants said that both engagement and commitment were very high on their list for developing potential employees to be motivated to perform above and beyond their specific job duties. More importantly, they explained the vital role that their employee’s experiences and perspectives play in identifying potential talent from within the companies talent pipeline. In fact, they believe that when companies invest in talent management to include both career pathways and support for their high potential employee developments that those processes help identify the next steps needed to advance leadership potential and performance within the organization. All the while, building employee engagement, commitment and loyalty to their organization that results in an overall business advantage (Campbell, Smith, 2010). Nevertheless, because it’s such a financial challenge to attract, develop, and support talent management policies for companies today, I believe it’s vital for organizations to have in place retention initiatives, tools, and resources to help avoid any such loss of their high potential employees intellectual knowledge, skills, and abilities. Besides, there is a high cost of turnover for companies when employees leave for career advancement elsewhere. Surprisingly, Frey, Stechstor, (2007) found in their double round of survey interviews of twelve senior human resource experts from large and medium multinational companies that in the first round of the survey, most companies had no real retention management policies or initiatives in place and that their attitudes towards retention management strategies varied greatly from some who thought it was critical to the success of the company, to some who didn’t think retention tools were necessarily important at all (Frey, ; Stechstor, 2007). Subsequently, in the second round of survey questionnaires, collected from those same HR experts who were asked to then rate three specific categories of retention management tools that were deemed to be most important to them when possibly implementing them in their own retention policy strategies. The categories for the initiatives for retention were labeled as: ‘Must-have’, ‘Optional’, or ‘Trend-setting’ As a result of the data collected, in the first group of ‘must have’ employee retention tools HR management of those twelve organizations thought that performance-related pay, constant feedback, culture and developmental career opportunities were the highest priority for retention of high potential talent. Next, they thought that the second most important tools for retention that should be in the ‘optional’ group were listed as job rotation, retirement benefits, coaching, and mentoring. Finally, in the third ‘trend-setting’ category the tools that they thought were good for future retention strategies were stock options, working from home, and specific job tailoring (Frey, ; Stechstor, 2007). In sum, the value of investing in employee training and development can help an organization in many ways. Namely, by having the ability to run a business leaner and more importantly, by helping to diversify the talent and potential that already exists within the organization. Certainly, when companies invest in their employee development and talent management policies it motivates employees to perform at their best, while at the same time offsetting costs associated with high employee turnover, and retention of skilled labor. All in all, in these difficult economic times when businesses are cutting costs and headcount, identifying and assessing high potential employees can help management move workers around to different areas of the business and run a leaner and cost efficient process. Finally, a company with good employee development also attracts loyal and motivated individuals. Simply put, businesses must have employees who are knowledgeable in more than one skillset to remain competitive. Altogether, training, assessments, and education help ensure that employees have the skills needed to perform their business needs. Therefore, when you invest in your employee’s aspirations and abilities, it improves your business performance, efficiency, loyalty, and profit. In other words, the ROI on employee talent development is one of the best long-term investments that a company can make. How to cite What Is Talent Management and Why Is It Important?, Papers

Sport Tourism in Nepal

Question: Discuss about theSport Tourism in Nepal. Answer: Literature Review Definition of Sports Tourism Sports tourism is well defined as all forms of passive and lively participation in sporting activity, which is participated in either an organised or casually way for commercial or non-commercial with the reason that dictate travel far from home and work vicinity (Allahar, 2014). Though this offers a decent starting point in order to comprehend sport tourism, it was once questioned the value of such kind of explanation as it was suggested it does not give a descriptive and complete sympathetic of what establishes sport tourism. The Other researchers have precisely define and broke down the perception of what constitutes as sport tourist and sport tourism, according to this section tourism is the action or industry while tourist is individual within the industry (Anup and Parajuli, 2014). There are three territories of sport tourism according to Gibson.one is event spots tourism, second is nostalgia sport tourism and thirdly active sports tourism, event sport tourist travel to spectate the sporting action, nostalgia sport tourists are the ones that travels to honor a sporting site such as a hall of fame or a historic stadium, and active sport tourist are the individual who participate in the sport. Robinson and gammon did characterized sport tourists with the reasons of their travel, for those who participate in the sport as their main reason for travelling are primary and those who participate in sport but it is never their key impartial for travelling are secondary (Anup and Parajuli, 2014). A good example of secondary aim will be to make a demonstration of primary in a meeting also golfing secondary in the course of their visit. They further projected that since the differences of sport tourists aims primary and secondary sports tourism might be divided into two emphasis areas, one sport tourism which are secondary reasons and secondly sport tourist which are primary reasons (Ghanian, Ghoochani and Crotts, 2014). Gammon and Robinson find out that their original presentation paper needed a theoretical support and they further developed theory of sport tourism and tourist sport into secondary strengthening categories. Which includes a hard and soft outline for both tourism sport and sport tourist (Ghanian, Ghoochani and Crotts, 2014). According to them hard sport tourists are the ones who travel to partake or spectate competitive sport. The competitive section signifies the hard characteristic. Hence, the soft characteristic is when somebody partakes in sport but is chasing regenerati on purposes and not competitive purposes (Ghimire, 2016). For example a person partaking in a sports events such as world cup or Olympic Games should be a hard sport tourist. On the opposite the person who is on a ski holiday for fun motives is a soft sport tourist. It is very vital to note that primary and secondary purpose both have soft and hard categories. Nature of Sports Tourism The tourism sport should incorporate the same soft and hard as sport being a secondary purpose for traveling. An example of hard tourism sport should be travelling to visit family but reservation of ones tour around marathon in order to contest (Ghimire, 2016). On the other hand primary motives for travelling is to pay family a visit but one who participates in marathon might wish to participate if the opportunity occurs. We can still use the earlier example of skier who is skiing for fun as a soft tourism sport but the primary purpose of travelling was family visit (Imran, Alam and Beaumont, 2014). Gibson omitted the competitive component in her report for active sport tourist. What she included was anybody reflected an activity participant whose main purpose for travelling was to partake in holiday activities, while amateurs or hobbyists are the ones who travel to involve in competitive game, and are left out (Jackie Ong and Smith, 2014). In her study the populace were referred as active sport tourist although they had traveled for leisure purpose only Value of Sports Tourism in Environment Sports tourism has a lot of value in the environment. According to Gammon and Robinson definition of each of their categories tourist should be required to travel outside their usual environment so as to clarify Gammon and Robinsons meaning of what establishes outside their usual environment I appeal upon statistic Canada, that categorises a tourist Canada is one who has traveled and cover not at least 85 kilometres from their home (Jackie Ong and Smith, 2014). Yamaguchi, Hagis and Nogawa detailed that for anyone to qualify as a sport tourist they must stay for at least a period of 24 hours. They further designated that if any individual stays in less than 24 hours should be measured as a sport excursionist (King and Dinkoksung, 2014) According to Williams and Soutar (2015) it is evident that both cultural and special aspects of sports tourism are vital but are at most not considered in understanding the impacts of the outcome of sports economic impacts. In that case the author added in his definition of the same that sports tourism is the social, cultural and economic phenomenon that arises from unique mix of place and people. Likewise, Sharpley and Telfer (2014) an individual could be able to take part in sports tourism if he or she has a desire to in the sports and that the same cannot be said if he or she undertake sports tourism on holidays alone. They identified four areas in which sports tourism is engaged with such as participation of sports, engagement of sports, analysing sports tourism and the benefits that the Individual and the country gets from sports tourism. Bull and weed gave their suggestion that states that cultural and social features of sport tourism are vital but are often abandoned in the quest of understanding tourisms financial influence. Consequently, bull and weed suggested and added the definition of sport tourism as economic, cultural and social marvel that arises from the exclusive interaction of activities, persons and place (King and Dinkoksung, 2014). Pigeassou designated that individual should truly involve in sport tourism if they do have the wish to practise sport culture and just partaking in sport during holiday is not sufficient. He recognized four important areas sport tourist can commence that should be counted as sport tourism involvement: participation in an occasion with sports emphasis, the training of physical and sport activities, participation in sport management and looking for information or commemoration of historic and modern sport culture (Mostafanezhad and Hannam, 2014). Pigeassou added a definition of sport tourism as human experimentation that focuses on a set of facilities that essential for recognition of non-professional provisional expeditions towards exact terminus to practise sport culture. So as to know why sports tourist travels it is essential to recognise who partakes in these events by exploratory what is the definition of active sports tourist (Musa, Higham and Thompson-Carr, 2015). Active Sport Tourists In the article Active Sport Tourism Who Participates Gibson summarised the active sport tourist. Active sport tourist was most probable institute that are for men who are well educated and are wealthy, which echoes the related answers by Schreiber. According to the Yiannakis and Gibson discoveries which suggests that 57% of males travels in order to partake in sport compared to 44% of females (Musa, Higham and Thompson-Carr, 2015). A third of defendants are also definite domestic income of $75,000 or even more. Which is considerably complex than normal revenue of the learning area, which was $54,000 at that time. Moreover, the partakers were all learned with 77 % reported having attended college and 24% are holders of advance degree MD, law Degree or PhD, Gosline, Gee, Kaae and lee and Attle had the same findings. Lee and kaae precisely observed alpine skiers and cross country who noted that though both were cultured and wealthy there are similar numbers of female and male in cross c ounty skiers while alpine skiers are mostly male Yiannakis, Gibson and attle added that active sport tourist who are rich and well educated are mostly male and they are also able to travel far in order to involve in their preferred sport (Ptz et al,. 2011). Probably to partake in active sports tourism events beyond retirement are the most likely to follow the same event not one off holiday, the major rising tendencies in the active sport tourism is the adventure sport tourism, it is very vital to comprehend adventure tourists as skiing and is an adventure tourism activity and will support in comprehending the incentives of ski resort travellers (Ptz et al,. 2011). Adventure Tourists Adventure tourism is well define as wide range of outdoor tourist activities, it frequently involve and commercialize an interact with normal atmosphere away from the partakers home range and contains component of dangers; the adventure travel society eminent that adventure tourism is progressively developing yearly at a rate of 15-20%. According Hudson most of the growth happens in Nepal, Costa Rica, the lager number of Adventure tourist tend to be Nepal, although Thai, Japanese and western Europe partakers are coming (Sharpley and Telfer, 2014). female and senior adventure tourist are join women hiding men in partaking numbers in both backpacking and sailing. The Fiction prove that the entire active sport tourist are adventure tourist but at the same time not all adventure tourist are active sport tourist. The travel industry association of Nepal stated that a half of Nepals proclaim to be adventure tourists. With 19% partaking in hard adventure the likes of kayaking or water rafting, mountain biking and scuba diving and 49% are partaking in soft adventure activities the likes of biking, camping and hiking (Sharpley and Telfer, 2014). There is different of hard and soft adventure events mentioned in this section that differs from Robinson and gammon explanation in that soft events doesnt suggest a thoughtful danger however hard events are obvious as risky. According to Hudson findings hard adventure tourist are more probable to be male compared to soft adventure tourists 60% hard versus 51% of soft, young, 18 to 24 years old 24% versus 18%, single 40% versus 26% college cultured 82% versus 73%, having higher domestic revenues of $75,000 or more 25% versus 19%. It was recommended that soft adventure tourists at 30% travels less frequently with friends than hard adventure tourist at 48%. It is only 4% of hard adventure tourists travels on their own, which is slightly higher compared to soft adventure travellers at 2% (Su, 2014). However soft travellers are probable to travel with their spouse 60% grandchildren or children at 41% whereas hard adventure travellers told that they travel with children and grandchildren at 18% and with spouses at 42% as adventure tourism is scaling tendency, young and middle aged male partakers are now dominating although older and females are growing promptly. Most people who enjoy adventure events are rich and well educated and the kind of event expended are measured as soft tourism (Vajirakachorn and Nepal, 2014) Therefore, according to preceding works that attempt to define adventure tourism, active tourism and sport tourism, here are the description that has been established for determination of this studies. the active sport tourism is an individual who travels far from home where he/she require accommodation for the purpose of pursuing adventure in sport both for secondary or primary motives to contest alongside other or oneself with the nature of action being danger (Vajirakachorn and Nepal, 2014). Ski Tourists A study by ski Nepal has confirmed the outline of Nepal snowboarders and skiers. It was confirmed that 45% of snowboarders and skiers have domestic revenues of $ 100,000 or even more than this. The population here are very wealthy than 21% of all the Nepal domestics who have average income $100,000 and extra (Williams and Soutar, 2015). It is only 36% of the snowboarders and skiing people who live in metropolitan areas although it was proposed that snowboarders and skiers are rich the uppermost fraction of Nepal snowboard and skiers are aged 15 to 19. This shows that a third of this youths depend on their parents for finical support who are possible earning a domestic revenue of $100,000 and above. It must be known that snowboarders and skiers are considered as one not divided as Hudson study. According to the Hudson book titled snow business the average nepal skier was 35. Ski nepal , suggested that snowboarders and skier people aged 35to 39 were only 7.6% this age group was categor ised as seventh uppermost snowboarder and skiers (Williams and Soutar, 2015). Whereas ski nepal did not isolated snowboarders and skier in their demographic study there are two visible swells one at the age of 40-44 years at 9.2% and 45-49 years at 12% and the other one at younger age 15-19years at 16% and 20-24year at 12% (Williams and Soutar, 2015).. Conclusion I conclude that sport tourism in Nepal is being practice by both young and old people. And it is also for the rich people for instance those who live in metropolitan area snowboarders and skier are aged people although the literature reports that the people who partakes snowboarding are younger generation whereas the older ones are majorly partaking the skiing. References Allahar, H., 2014. Tourism development and economic diversification: A small island challenge. The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Finance Business Management, 2(8), pp.326-332. Anup, K.C. and Parajuli, R.B.T., 2014. Tourism and its impact on livelihood in Manaslu conservation area, Nepal. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 16(5), pp.1053-1063. Ghanian, M., Ghoochani, O.M. and Crotts, J.C., 2014. An application of European Performance Satisfaction Index towards rural tourism: The case of western Iran. Tourism Management Perspectives, 11, pp.77-82. Ghimire, H.L., 2016. Social Tourism: An Alternative Tourism in Nepal. The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 6, pp.98-118. Imran, S., Alam, K. and Beaumont, N., 2014. Environmental orientations and environmental behaviour: Perceptions of protected area tourism stakeholders. Tourism management, 40, pp.290-299. Jackie Ong, L.T. and Smith, R.A., 2014. Perception and reality of managing sustainable coastal tourism in emerging destinations: The case of Sihanoukville, Cambodia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(2), pp.256-278. King, R. and Dinkoksung, S., 2014. Ban Pa-Ao, pro-poor tourism and uneven development. Tourism Geographies, 16(4), pp.687-703. Mostafanezhad, A.P.M. and Hannam, K. eds., 2014. Moral encounters in tourism. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Musa, G., Higham, J. and Thompson-Carr, A. eds., 2015. Mountaineering Tourism. Routledge. Ptz, M., Gallati, D., Kytzia, S., Elsasser, H., Lardelli, C., Teich, M., Waltert, F. and Rixen, C., 2011. Winter tourism, climate change, and snowmaking in the Swiss Alps: tourists' attitudes and regional economic impacts. Mountain Research and Development, 31(4), pp.357-362. Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D.J. eds., 2014. Tourism and development: concepts and issues (Vol. 63). Channel View Publications. Su, Y.P. and Hall, C.M., 2014. Climate change and tourism in Asia: a review. Responding to climate change: Tourism initiatives in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 2740). Madrid: UNWTO. Vajirakachorn, T. and Nepal, S.K., 2014. Local perspectives of community-based tourism: case study from Thailands Amphawa Floating Market. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology, 3(4), pp.342-356. Williams, P. and Soutar, G., 2015. Close to the edge: Critical issues for adventure tourism operators. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(3), pp.247-261.

Biology Lab Cellular Respiration Notes Essay Example

Biology Lab: Cellular Respiration Notes Paper Cellular Respiration Introduction Lab Objective: In this lab, we are testing how the process of cellular respiration is affected by temperature, and also how it is different between germinating and non-germinating peas. Cellular respiration is a catabolic process (breaks down organic material into usable cell energy) that produces ATP. The electron receivers are inorganic. Cellular respiration releases energy from organic material through chemical oxidation within the mitochondria of cells. Cellular respiration usually refers to the metabolizing of glucose, however carbohydrates, proteins and fats can also be metabolized. C6H12O6  + 6O2  > 6CO2  + 6H2O + 686 Kcal of energy/mole of glucose oxidized Cellular respiration can be measured by looking at the consumption of O2, the production of CO2, and the release of energy. PV=nRT is known as the inert gas law where: P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of molecules of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas in degrees Kelvins. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Lab: Cellular Respiration Notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Lab: Cellular Respiration Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Lab: Cellular Respiration Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This law is very important and we can infer many things when given some parts of the equation, for example: â€Å"if the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant, then the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume†, that is just one of the direct proportions. Also in this lab, potassium hydroxide (KOH) can be used to remove the CO2 produced during cellular respiration, therefore the change in volume in gas we see in our respirometer will be directly related to the amount of oxygen consumed by the peas. The reaction is: CO2 + 2KOH > K2CO3 + H2O Materials: 0 germinating peas, 20 dry peas, 225 glass beads (approx. ), 6 mL 15% potassium hydroxide, 2 water baths, 6 respirometers, 6 absorbent cotton balls, 6 nonabsorbent cotton balls, 50-100 mL graduated cylinder, thermometer, pipet, stopwatch, ice, food coloring, paper towels Methods: The first thing we did for this lab was set up 2 water bath/trays, one with water at room temperature and the other we kept at a constant 10 degrees Celsius by adding ice into the tray. We were also provided with 6 vials with steel washers, in which we labeled them 1-6. We then filled a graduated cylinder to 13 mL water ( we kept it constant throughout the lab . ) First we added 10 germinating peas into the graduated cylinder and then took a reading of the displaced water. We recorded this data, decanted the water, and placed the peas to dry on a paper towel. We repeated this process, but instead we added 10 non-germinating peas also with glass beads until the water level was the same as the germinating peas, and then placed them to dry on a paper towel. Next we repeated the process, but we added only glass beads until the water level was same as the germinating peas. We repeated the same steps respectively and set the second set of peas and beads aside for use in vials 4-6. For the next part of the lab we placed an absorbent cotton ball into each of the 6 vials and pushed each to the bottom of the vials. We then carefully added 1 mL of provided 15% potassium hydroxide (using pipets) to each of the cotton balls, after that we placed a piece of non-absorbent rayon on top of the KOH soaked cotton. With the first set of germinating peas, non-germinating peas, and glass beads we added them into vials 1-3 respectively. We added the second set of peas and glass beads into vials 4-6. We had graduated pipets with stoppers at the end provided. We then placed each stopper into each of the vials, creating a seal; and we then placed a washer over the pipet on top of the stopper (so that the vials are weighed down in the water baths later. ) After that we placed vials 1-3 into the room temperature water bath, with the pipet ends resting on the edge of the water tray, and placed vials 4-6 into the chilled water bath and allowed the vials (respirometers) to equilibrate for 10 minutes. After that we put one drop of food coloring into the exposed tip of each respirometer and waited 1 minute, and proceeded to turn each respirometer so that the graduation marks face up and fully submerge each respirometer into their baths and waited another 5 minutes. Now we began to read the respirometers (how much the dye moved) to the nearest 0. 01 mL and took the temperatures of each water bath. We took additional readings every 5 minutes for 30 minutes and recorded the readings and temperature in the data table provided. We then calculated the differences and corrected differences using the following formulas. We were only able to get 3 readings at a total of 10 minutes. Difference = (initial reading at time 0) – (reading at time X) Corrected difference = (initial pea reading at time – pea sea reading at time X) – (initial bead reading at time 0 – bead reading at time X) Results: |Germinating Peas |Dry Peas Beads |Beads only | Vials 1-3 TEMP (Celsius) |Time (Min) |Reading |Diff. |Corr. Diff. |Reading |Diff. |Corr. Diff |Reading |Diff. | |18 |0 |. 80 |- |- |1. 10 |- |- |. 65 |0 | |18 |5 |1. 45 |-. 65 |-. 65 |1. 10 |0 |. 05 |. 70 |-. 05 | |18 |10 |1. 75 |-. 95 |-. 90 |1. 10 |0 |. 05 |. 70 |-. 05 | | |15 | | | | | | | | | | |20 | | | | | | | | | | |25 | | | | | | | | | | |30 | | | | | | | | | |Vials 4-6 8 |0 |1. 65 |- |- |1. 05 |- |- |. 90 |- | |9 |5 |1. 65 |0 |. 1 |. 8 |. 25 |. 35 |1 |-. 10 | |9 |10 |1. 25 |. 4 |. 4 |. 5 |. 55 |. 55 |. 90 |0 | | |15 | | | | | | | | | | |20 | | | | | | | | | | |25 | | | | | | | | | | |30 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] Data analysis: In this lab the vials with beads only serve as a control, because the beads do not go through cellular respiration. With the data from vials 1-3 we can see that the dye travelled the most in the respirometer with germinating peas, this is because in cellular respiration germinating peas require the most oxygen to survive and grow. The dye is travelling because as the oxygen is being consumed by the peas, the oxygen is being taken out and the pressure within the respirometer decreases; pulling the dye towards the respirometer. While non-germinating peas are also alive, they currently require much less oxygen to survive. In vials 4-6 from what I see looking at the non-germinating peas, the readings are smaller, meaning in a cold temperature setting cellular respiration is less efficient. The data from the germinating peas in the chilled water bath do not show this, however I think an error was made. Conclusion: From this lab I am concluding that a higher temperature means higher efficiency for cellular respiration. We can also see the differences in cellular respiration between germinating and non-germinating peas. In our lab the main error made was that I accidentally bumped the chilled water tray, moving the respirometers equilibrating inside the tray, therefore resulting in botched results. CELLULAR RESPIRATION ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 1. The rate of oxygen consumed by germinating peas increases over time (at least in 1 of out data sets), meaning that they require a lot of oxygen to survive. . Three controls used in this lab are the temperatures of the water baths, the amount of KOH added to the vials, and the time intervals in which we recorded rates of oxygen consumption. 3. The water initially moved into the respirometer because we had to fully submerge the respirometer. I don’t think we could have avoided some water getting inside the graduated pipet. 4. The role of KOH is to prevent the release of CO2, but K2CO3 we see at the bottom of the respirometers. Without CO2, we can accurately measure how much oxygen is being used without the release of CO2 effecting those readings. 5. The KOH absorbs the CO2, therefore affecting the volumes within the respirometer. 6. Germinating peas consume more oxygen than non-germinating because they have a higher metabolic rate and need more oxygen in order to survive and grow. 7. The lower the temperature, the less efficient respiration was. 8. In aerobic respiration, the carbon atoms go into the CO2, the oxygen and hydrogen go into the H2O and the energy is turned into ATP. 9. Fermentation is a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and produces an end-product like ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. The two types of fermentation are alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Plants use alcoholic while animals use lactic acid. 10. 11. The breakdown of glucose involves glycosis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport system. Glycosis occurs in the cytoplasm while the Krebs cycle and electron transport system occur in the mitochondria. 12. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. b 13.

Mr Essays - Kennedy Family, John F. Kennedy, Free Essays

Mr Essays - Kennedy Family, John F. Kennedy, Free Essays Mr John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy pronunciation (help?info) (May 29, 1917 ? November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43,[2][3] the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first president to have been born in the 20th century.[4] Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize.[5] Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime, but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before a trial could take place. The FBI, the Warren Commission, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, with the HSCA allowing for the possibility of conspiracy based on disputed acoustic evidence. Today, Kennedy continues to rank highly in public opinion ratings of former U.S. presidents.[6]

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing therapy intervention for Literature review

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing therapy intervention for adolescents with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Literature review Example A person that has PTSD my show side effects of; flashbacks, awful dreams about the experience, abstaining from speaking or considering knowledge, feeling numb inwardly, sadness, diminished action, crabbiness, outrage, blame, rest unsettling influence, or listening to or seeing things that are not genuine (Mayo, 2012, p.46). In case of adolescents, there are certain other symptoms which are not seen in adults like behavioral problems, developmental regression, physical symptoms and some generalized fears (Schwarz, 1994). Broadly the methods used for treating post-traumatic stress syndrome are classified as psychotherapy and medication (Ipser, Sander, &Stein, 2009). Rules on PTSD from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2005) state that all individuals with PTSD ought to be offered a course of trauma-centered psychological medication (trauma-centered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or EMDR). National Institute for Clinical Excellence rules note that these medicines ought to typically be given on a singular outpatient foundation (Bernard & Krupat, 1994, p.68). Since the concept is still relatively new, there is ongoing research as to what could be the best method to treat post-traumatic stress syndrome. Psychotherapy includes various methods like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), session therapy etc and there is no substantial proof about which therapy is the best or whether we need to provide a combination of the therapies to actually treat the symptom (Ipser, Sander, & Stein, 2009). Guidelines on PTSD from the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2004) expressed that CBT and EMDR have been indicated to be compelling for center side effects of intense and constant PTSD (Healy, 2014). These rules note, in any case, that no controlled investigations of EMDR have been led that might build information based proof of its viability as an early preventive mediation for PTSD (Bernard & Krupat,

Performance Management assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Performance Management assignment - Essay Example 7-8 Etisalat’s Organizational Policies...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8-10 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 10-11 Recommendations: Improving Performance Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11-12 Abstract This study explores the significance of performance management to the corporate life of Etisalat, leading telecommunication and internet industry of United Arab Emirates (UAE). Probing on its business management and its contribution to global development, researcher used empirical data to investigate, draw conclusions and make some recommendations on the state of Etisalat performance management. Introduction Performance management (PM) relates about systems on business management and the administration of its huma n resource to attain corporate goals and objectives by strategically directing the delivery of services to leverage in a fast evolving market for want of satisfaction. As global market is evolving in diversity and in complex dynamics, it’s imperative for corporation to develop corporate strategy, set goals, conduct regular assessments, seize opportunities for improvement, and enhance motivations to sustain its corporate life (Armstrong, 2009). In such context, this research aims to critically explore Etisalat’s performance management as a leading telecommunication company in United Arab of Emirates (UAE), correlate its significant contribution to global market, determine the imperatives it adopted to be competitive and resilient from risks, and to draw recommendations to improve company’s performance. Researcher used accessed online documents and other related resources in the conduct of this study. Performance Management defined Performance management is about identifying, measuring and adopting strategic mechanism to align company’s plans with its vision, mission, values, specific goals and translate them into corporate operation. It includes conduct of evaluations, either formal or informal, such as appraisal and constructive feedback mechanism to determine company’s strength, weaknesses, opportunities and strength. As a process, PM deals with structures and systems to set criteria and specify roles to motivate human capital in the performance of tasks, reach targets, earn rewards and enjoy salary with self-esteem. The company may conduct continuing knowledge or skill transfer or trainings to enhance their competence. Since corporate management deal systems, communications and reporting are essential for mutual understanding, coordination, interpersonal exchange of opinions and problems as well as sense of uniformity of thoughts about the nature of their jobs. On the other hand, since PM is about human resource management, organizational goals must be understood by staff; changes are facilitated; salary and rewards scheme are commensurate to expected result; and company is protected from legal impediments. Reward system may include contingency pays to intentionally discourage turn-around rates of good employees and to develop corporate culture on excellence. Absence of corporate system and mismanagement de-motivated workers, pull them out of goals, estranged employee-employers relations and such absence of purposefulness will burn them out (Delaney & Huselid, 1996). The company will suffer high turn-around rate, risks and conflicts would

Contemporary Management Issues Report JB HI-FI Essay

Contemporary Management Issues Report JB HI-FI - Essay Example It is through adherence to these values that build a strong partnership of trust between the company and stakeholders. This code applies to all from the directors, chairperson, C.E.O, to the junior employee. JB Hi-Fi as a company respects the dignity of every employee, the freedoms, rights and needs of all individuals. The company strives to provide a working environment that is rewarding, challenging and safe. The company realizes the benefits of recognizing the work of all employees. The company respects all personal and sensitive information that relates to their customers, employees and suppliers. The company strives to reinforce the commitment it has to highest standards of business and professional ethics (JB Hi-Fi 1). All company employees are expected to treat fellow employees, the public and customers with courtesy, respect and honesty. They are also expected to safeguard and respect customer properties, the company and the property of all fellow workers. The employees are e xpected to maintain the confidentiality of all customers, the confidentiality of the company and all other parties’ information that have been gained through work (JB Hi-Fi 1). The employees are expected to perform their duties to the best of their ability; this is taking into account the experience, skills, position and qualifications. The employees are expected to perform their duties in a responsible, safe and effective manner. The company expects the employees and all company staff to respect all sensitive and personal information according to the privacy legislation. The company expects that the personal business and financial interests of the employees to not conflict with their duty to the company and work within the policies and rules of the company and obey the law. When all employees undertake their responsibilities and obligations, the workplace, job performance and satisfaction benefits the company and helps the company achieve business goals (JB Hi-Fi 1). Competi tors and fair competition All company employees have knowledge of commercially sensitive information. The employees must also disclose all significant stakes in a competitor. The interest in a competitor constitutes a conflict of interest and employees are expected to divest themselves of this interest. Fair competition means that the company; Will know and follow its legal obligations to competitors. Will not compete on a basis of obstructing comp0etitive conduct, rather the company will compete on a basis of customer service. This is part of the company’s commitment to management, staff and fair-trading. Will does not differ unfairly between customers when supplying products or Services. Will not refuse to deal or discriminate against, a customer for any improper reason. Not threaten or intimidate a customer, organization or other person. The company does not encourage untruthful or disparaging remarks about any of the competitors, their products and services. The company a ims at conducting business fairly, and competes on a basis of product and services merits. The company also aims at being an effective competitor that acts according to the ethical norms acceptable to the community. The company does not accept bribes, kickbacks or payoffs, in all deals; the company ensures that it is courteous, truthful and well informed. The company ensures that it is careful to avoid misrepresenting the features, availability or quality of their

The Geopolitics Of The Global Illegal Drug Trade Geography Essay

The Geopolitics Of The Global Illegal Drug Trade Geography Essay One of the biggest problems facing the world today is the production, trade and consumption of illegal drugs. Millions of people around the world are involved in either this trade either as producers, vendors or consumers, despite it being a highly illegal activity with strict and often harsh penalties for even the possession of a small amount of these illegal substances. In this paper we will be discussing the consequences of the global illegal drugs trade in different areas of the world, and whether the legalization and regulation of this trade would be positive or negative. 2. AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan is one of the worlds top producers of illegal substances, in particular opium, and there are many reasons why this is the case. It is one of the poorest countries in the world, according to the CIA world fact book, with a GDP per capita of just $800 and ranked 181st on the UNs Human Development Index second lowest in the world. (CIA World Fact Book, 2009) It is a landlocked country with direct links to Russia and the EU 2 of the worlds largest illegal drug markets with land movement being extensive due to lack of border control. Rugged terrain, with many isolated areas makes government surveillance and law enforcement difficult. Due to this and Afghanistans notoriety for lawlessness, instability and poverty (resulting from decades of war which have ravaged the country) the opium trade has flourished and now a huge proportion of the country is dependent upon its cultivation. It is interesting that under the Taliban regime, levels of opium production were showing signs o f falling, but since 2001 when the USA declared its â€Å"War on Terror†, this level has increased significantly from around 75,000 hectares in 2000 to nearing 200,000 hectares in 2007. So why is the opium trade such a huge issue? Agriculture is the countrys main form of industry and the collapse of the economy forced more and more farmers to seek alternative methods of generating revenue from crops. This came at a time when demand for opium was increasing due to restrictions being made in nearby opium producing countries such as India. Farmers realised there huge profits could be made from the cultivation of opium poppies, with the risk of being caught relatively low due to the reasons mentioned in the previous paragraph, despite it being a punishable offence. In addition, opium poppies are notoriously hardy- they are almost drought resistant compared to legal crops such as wheat. Many Afghans have used poppy cultivation as a means of investment in legitimate businesses due to lack of personal loans resulting from the poor economy; while illegitimate moneylenders have high interest rates and use various forms of intimidation such as kidnapping. The seriousness of t his situation being that many farmers in Afghanistan have little other legal lucrative alternative, and the government is doing little to encourage farmers to do so. There is also significant evidence to suggest that the since the fall of Taliban, they and other terrorist groups are now significantly funded by the drug trade. What then are the options available? The first is enforcement of current laws whilst offering alternative livelihood options. This involves better monitoring of opium growers in the country and eradication of Heroin production factories, and offering farmers incentives to grow alternative crops. One suggestion is substitution with Saffron, another lucrative crop which has proven to grow well in Afghanistans climate. This would also involve improving the infrastructure needed to support legal crop cultivation. The other option which has been suggested is licensing the opium trade. This gives the government much more control over the end use of opium, as it could be used in the production of valuable legal opiates such as morphine. Trade could also be taxed, providing valuable revenue for the undeveloped economy of Afghanistan. Another issue this would solve is eliminating warlords and severing the ties between the drug trade and human/weapons trafficking as it could be regulated and m onitored by government authorities â€Å". (Licensing) combines the best of both worlds. It stabilizes a crucial country in the global war on terrorism and alleviates the pain crisis in AIDS stricken developing countries. It is not a silver bullet for Afghanistans many troubles, but it does pave the way for the country to escape its current development and security crisis† (Kamminga , Van Ham. 2006). This is not necessarily saying that Heroin should be made legal; but is another option that could be looked into with the legalisation and regulation of all drugs, rather than a select few. 3. THE NETHERLANDS The Netherlands government takes an alternative approach to the enforcement of anti-drug laws, believing that drug use is a public health issue, rather than a criminal one; and that there is a difference between soft drugs (cannabis) and hard drugs (cocaine, heroin). A quote which summarises this attitude is â€Å"if a problem has proved to be unstoppable, it is better to try controlling it instead of continuing to enforce laws that have shown to be unable to stop the problem† (WordIQ: Drug policy of the Netherlands. 2010). They therefore employ a policy of non-enforcement towards soft drugs such as cannabis, but will still prosecute users if they are found causing a public disturbance, or pose a risk to themselves or others whilst under the influence of drugs. The Netherlands drug policy has a number of aims which are: To separate the market between hard and soft drugs so that soft drug users do not come into contact with hard drugs To limit the sale of soft drugs to minors To divert profits from the sale of soft drugs away from criminal drug dealers To gain tax from the legitimate sale of soft drugs To use the money gained to assist problem drug users (i.e. Treatment and rehabilitation) and promote awareness and education of hard drugs To prevent soft drug users being criminalised unnecessarily So is this policy working? In the USA where cannabis is strictly illegal and carries severe fines and prison time, 42.4% of Americans have tried the drug, whilst in The Netherlands only 19.8% of the population have tried cannabis, despite it being tolerated and sold freely in coffee shops (Degenhardt et al. 2008) 9.7% of young adults consume soft drugs once a month in Holland; this figure is far lower than the UK level of 15.8%, but higher than in other European countries such as Sweden (3%). The EU average of soft drug users that go on to become problem drug users is 0.52%, in The Netherlands this figure is just 0.3%, and the number of hard drug users is also considerably lower. These statistics show that while levels of soft drug use in The Netherlands is not significantly higher or lower than the rest of Europe, the levels of problem drug users and hard drug users is considerably lower. It is also interesting to note that due to taxes gained from the legitimate sale of cannabis, a round 90% of drug users can be treated effectively. 4. NON-GOVERNEMENT ORGANISATIONS NGOs around the world aim to eradicate problems associated with the illegal drug trade; however without financial backing and access to resources, their policies are often limited. Their strategies focus on influencing government protocol and targeting social issues in a ‘prevention over cure approach. The social aspect focuses on education of the young and those vulnerable to drug addiction, in addition to financing and organising rehabilitation for those suffering from addiction. Strategies also target producers of drugs, particularly agricultural ones. These producers are influenced to cultivate alternative products (such as wheat), both through financial incentives and legal prevention. All aspects of the global illegal drugs trade span over large areas, making it difficult for individual state governments to act effectively. NGOs such as the UN, WHO and the EU create policies targeting drug abuse issues to socially improve nations. High costs and infrastructure requirement s for drugs trade prevention deter LEDCs from acting, as their costs do not warrant their benefits it is the state importing that often suffers the most. So what would be the effect of the legalisation of the illegal drugs trade in regards to NGOs? Effectively there would be dissolution of all strategies to cease and prevent the global trade in illegal drugs. Trade would shift to safer routes through legally disclosed transport subject to scrutiny at borders, so potential would remain for NGO involvement in cases of unregulated drugs being traded across borders. 5. CONCLUSION A quote from ‘The Economist claims that the UN believes thatâ€Å"The drug market has â€Å"stabilised†, meaning that more than 200 m people, or almost 5% of the worlds adult population still take illegal drugs† and goes on to say that â€Å"by providing honest information about the health risks of drugs and pricing them accordingly, governments could steer consumers towards the least harmful ones† (The Economist, 2009). However, the legalisation of drugs is a highly complex and sensitive issue which has many social, political, moral and economic implications. The scale of which is unimaginable and is something which many people feel would be an impossible task. It is a known fact that people around the world produce, distribute and use drugs- as they have done for thousands of years. Perhaps money would be better spent on educating people about the dangers of certain drugs (including legal ones) as well as helping those that have become dependent on either the sale or use of illegal drugs, rather than criminalising those that use them safely, or have little other viable options other than producing drugs. This could also have benefits for those in the developing world who rely on the illegal drugs trade as a source of income, and could eliminate the violence involved with the illegal drugs trade. REFERENCES CIA: The World FactBook Afghanistan. 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html Degenhardt et al. 2008. Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Medicine 5(7) e141 Kamminga, Van Ham. 2006. Poppies for peace: Reforming Afghanistans opium industry. The Washington Quarterly. 30:1 pp 69-81 The Economist. 2009. Failed states and failed policies: How to stop the drug wars. http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13237193source=login_payBarrier WordIQ: Drug policy of the Netherlands Definition. 2010. http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands Ashley White Registration No: 090167133

Diabetes :: essays research papers

Diabetes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes is a very serious disease that attacks millions of people around the world. It can strike at any age and can happen to anyone. Although we are not exactly sure about the causes of diabetes, we believe that it has to do with the body's own immune system attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, the glucose that we need to live, has a hard time entering the cells of the body that need it. If too much glucose builds up in the blood, then a diabetic may begin to have headaches or blurry vision. They may become very thirsty and have dry, itchy skin. If glucose levels go too low, then a diabetic may feel shaky, tired, hungry, confused, or nervous. There are two types of diabetes. They are called Type 1 and Type 2 Some symptoms of diabetes include: excessive thirst; constant hunger; sudden weight loss for no reason; rapid, hard breathing; sudden vision changes or blurry vision; and drowsiness or exhaustion. These symptoms can occur at any time. Type 1 diabetes is more common in Americans then Type 2. It has affected over 1 million Americans with 30,000 more people diagnosed every year (13,000 of those being children). Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age but is most commonly diagnosed during childhood. In Type 1 diabetes, a person's pancreas produces little or no insulin, and because insulin is necessary for life, people with Type 1 diabetes must take several insulin injection shots each day for the rest of their lives. Although insulin allows a person to stay alive, it does not cure diabetes or prevent it's complications. The blood sugar level of the diabetic must be tested several times daily. One this is done by pricking the finger with a special needle and placing the blood into a machine that will carefully read it. This helps balance the glucose in the blood and will help determine how much insulin is needed. Diabetics need to pay careful attention to their diets, exercise, and blood sugar levels in order to stay healthy. Other factors that can affect the blood sugar levels are stressed, periods of growth, dollars for infection, and fatigue as well as their exercise and any changes in their normal schedule. Type 1 diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes or, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is different than Type 1 diabetes in one major way.

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay

The benefits of distance learning are apparent as distance learning aims at meeting student’s needs. The offered outline is composed according to student’s needs and abilities. The most important factor affecting many future students who are willing to study is financial problems. Therefore firstly they consider financial benefits of any type of learning. Ability to take part-time job along with ability to save money plays an important role in choosing studying course. Students having financial problems also consider benefits in time management and distance learning gives the opportunity to study when it is convenient for a student. Therefore time management benefits have to follow financial ones. Furthermore, effectiveness of studying process is also a matter of concern for future students. Ability to correspond with teachers and other students via e-mail, telephone and chat rooms offers wide range of studying opportunities. Constant access to on-line libraries and data bases affects student’s choice. Students having full-time and part-time jobs would be able to pass exams during their available time. Finally, social benefits take the last place, because considerations about financial and studying benefits are more important in modern society as education is very expensive and one firstly thinks abut the ability to pay for the course and only then about the opportunities to lead social life. References Distance Learning Benefits. (2005). Retrieved October, 27, 2006, from http://www. distance-learning-college-guide. com/distance-learning-benefits. html

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Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate Its useful to be able to predict whether an action will affect the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds. Several factors can influence the chemical reaction rate. In general, a factor that increases the number of collisions between particles will increase the reaction rate and a factor that decreases the number of collisions between particles will decrease the chemical reaction rate. Concentration of Reactants A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of their concentration. Temperature Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. A general rule for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10Â °C increase in temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop. Medium or State of Matter The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic; polar or nonpolar; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Reactions involving liquids and especially solids depend on the available surface area. For solids, the shape and size of the reactants make a big difference in the reaction rate. Presence of Catalysts and Competitors Catalysts (e.g., enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Catalysts work by increasing the frequency of collisions between reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective, reducing intramolecular bonding within reactant molecules, or donating electron density to the reactants. The presence of a catalyst helps a reaction to proceed more quickly to equilibrium. Aside from catalysts, other chemical species can affect a reaction. The quantity of hydrogen ions (the pH of aqueous solutions) can alter a reaction rate. Other chemical species may compete for a reactant or alter orientation, bonding, electron density, etc., thereby decreasing the rate of a reaction. Pressure Increasing the pressure of a reaction improves the likelihood reactants will interact with each other, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. As you would expect, this factor is important for reactions involving gases, and not a significant factor with liquids and solids. Mixing Mixing reactants increases their ability to interact, thus increasing the rate of a chemical reaction. Summary of Factors The chart below is a summary of the main factors that influence the reaction rate. There is typically a maximum effect, after which changing a factor will have no effect or will slow a reaction. For example, increasing temperature past a certain point may denature reactants or cause them to undergo a completely different chemical reaction. Factor Affect on Reaction Rate temperature increasing temperature increases reaction rate pressure increasing pressure increases reaction rate concentration in a solution, increasing the amount of reactants increases the reaction rate state of matter gases react more readily than liquids, which react more readily than solids catalysts a catalyst lowers activation energy, increasing reaction rate mixing mixing reactants improves reaction rate

Fires of Jubilee Part One Essays

Fires of Jubilee Part One Essays Fires of Jubilee Part One Essay Fires of Jubilee Part One Essay When reading part one of Fires of Jubilee, there was a lot of things that stood out to me and had me thinking. The first thing that stood out to me was that Nat’s mother tried to kill him when he was a baby because she didn’t want him to grow up a slave. She didn’t want him to grow up in such a harsh environment and be treated poorly all his life and didn’t want to see those things happening to her own child. When everyone started recognizing that Nat was very bright for his age and that he could recall things that happened before he was born was when I started to really get into the book. I also thought it was crazy that he could read and write because no one recalls someone teaching him his letters and how to read. I don’t see why Nat’s father left behind him and his mother but I can see why he escaped to the north to not be enslaved by the white man anymore. When Samuel would use Christianity to scare the slaves into obedience and I though t that was a captivating spot in the chapter. Most southerners were very religious and dedicated Christians. The main thought that slave owners would try and scare slaves with was that God was supreme and allows slavery because whites are superior to blacks. Lazy slaves and ones who questioned would burn in hell for eternity, and even thinking about escaping was the work of the devil. To me, this was something i read over a few times because these owners were so worried about them running away and escaping that they would turn around the word of God and use it in such a twisted way just to scare people into staying and not running away to their freedom. The point that the author is trying to get across is that the life of African slaves was very hard. They were living a good life in the homeland just doing what they could to strive in that land until the white man came and starting taking all of them by force. In Nats instance, he was born into slavery so he didn’t have to go throug :

Multiple Sclerosis and its Development Case Study

Multiple Sclerosis and its Development - Case Study Example This has been continuous and thus has been associated with the cause of the hearing loss. His condition caused a lot of misery in his life since he mysteriously lost over 20 pounds of weight and often become fatigued. This prompted Philip to seek medical attention where a few medical and neurological checkups led to MRI scan of the brain. The results indicated a patchy demyelination controlling every part of his body, thus a confirmation of multiple sclerosis. The results proved quite challenging to him with concern for his family members, his real estate business, and fear of loss of more physical attributes (Richard, 1). Despite the condition, Philip never gave up but intensified search for more knowledge about the disease. In his endeavor of the search, he met Dr. Swank, a neurologist who introduced the low dairy diet as well as low fat for the patients suffering from the disease. This program seemed effective for Philip, and thus reducing the severity of his condition. Despite experiencing some improvements, Philip never gave up and this offered him the opportunity to meet Dr. Richard, an orthomolecular practitioner. Due to his desire to get better, he accepted a neurological diagnosis, which authenticated the weakness in the left foot, failure of concordant rotational motion of the hands, hand tremor. Moreover, he displayed junky movements of the left limbs in case of stimulation by the neurological hammer (Richard, 1). Moreover, he experienced left-sided hyperactive reflexes, had nystagmus among other symptoms of MS. However, the laboratory report was more promising and indicated an iron overload due to the high presence of ferritin, which stores a lot of protein. Consequently, the thyroid panel indicated a low activity of 1.1 while the nerve cells were sensitive to mercury due to the presence of tubulin protein. Nevertheless, the laboratory test revealed deficiencies of vitamins pyridoxine and thiamin,  which facilitate nerve function (Richard, 1).  

Finance Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance Policy - Assignment Example The strategic planning manager is entitled to reduce the acquisition amount so that the firm Alresford could take over Gibson at more profit and at a price less than the market price. The firm Alresford aims to take over Gibson ltd at a reduced price, which is less than the market value of the firm in order to obtain profits. c) Determine which of the strategic planning manager’s suggestions should be undertaken and specify the optimum life of the south division. Advise Alresford ltd. of the maximum amount it should now be prepared to pay for Gibson. The strategic planning manager’s suggestion of using the Alresford’s transport rather than the north division’s transport which could save the transport expenses by $ 600,000 annually results in a savings of $ 2,400,000 in four years. Even though such a change would increase the replacement cost by $ 1.6 million, yet such a type of system will result in a savings of $ 800,000 which the firm can use for other business restructuring processes. The system of dividend imputation was introduced in Australia in 1987 in order to avoid double taxation with respect to the income of a company. Before the introduction of the dividend imputation in Australia, there was double taxation because the companies paid tax on their earning income and the shareholders also had to pay tax on the dividends at a marginal tax rate, which provided the government double tax on a single company’s earnings. Here the difference with respect to dividend payment if the firm Alresford implemented the Australian dividend imputation system could not be clearly calculated as no provisions with respect to payment of dividend are provided. Therefore, there is no change in calculations with respect to payment of dividend if the Australian dividend imputation system is used. The system of Dividend Imputation allows the shareholders of the firm to obtain more

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Revisit my anwser to the question in week one What is Wisdom - Essay Example My initial conception of this view mainly derived through the book, The Last Days of Socrates by Hugh Tredennick and Harold Tarrant, has been reinforced by further readings of authors like William Thomas, Aldous Huxley, Joseph Piper, Victor Frank. Before reading Socrates, I was focused on the materialistic concepts of wisdom, believing that wisdom, within context of modern life, refers to the success a person achieves materialistically. But after mulling over the philosophical musings of these renowned authors, I became aware that one’s spirituality definitely plays a key role in evolving his individuality by which he strives for the pursuit of wisdom, and there by acquires happiness. Thus my distorted perception of human wisdom and welfare transformed drastically through the treasure trove of knowledge I could acquire from the profound works of these great men. They promulgated the concept that living the life of a values, guided by spiritually and motivated by true virtues, for the common good of humanity is one philosophy that can salvage the man’s soul rather than hours together spent in religious rituals or millions of sermons chanted to appease gods. It now transpires to me that wisdom is the essential thread that holds together the astute concepts of spirituality, philosophy, ultimate happiness and there by supreme attainment of the soul. This, I understand, is the true meaning or purpose of life. The impact of this has enabled me to think positively and see life in a new perspective and meaning as the realization dawns on me that overall what the present world lacks is the essential insight into the need of spirituality due to which its focus const antly shifts to the wrong direction of materialism. And, unfortunately humans fail to realize where this ignorance, that entails from the lack of wisdom, is going to take them. The works of authors like Socrates, Thoreau, Huxley, Piper and Frankl read and

Academic degree Essay Example for Free

Academic degree Essay After the SPM examination,many students have to decide their future on which education to pursue. Some of my friends chose to enrol in college. I decided to study in matriculation college as a Pre-U qualification to enter university. My reason is university education is better than college education. This is because university has a better education system,more dedicated lecturers and better facilities. First,university education provides a better education system than college does. A SPM certificate is enough for you to enrol in a college but to enter a university you need a Pre-U qualification such as STPM or A-level. This simply shows that it is harder to study in university as you need some qualifications in which the college does not demand. Besides,the grading system in university is stricter than that of college. So,students have to work harder to get a good result. On the other hand,most college change their grading system,according to the overall result of their students. Moreover,the the syllabus in university is well designed. Besides giving knowledge,it helps to develop the social skills of students. For example,Students have to do survey on public about topics related to their study. This ensures that the graduates can have critical thinking skill and communication skill. Universities usually hire more experienced lecturers with better knowledge. According to a research, these lectures possess a Master or PhD degree and some even graduated overseas. Thus,they have higher level of of knowledge which benefits the students. Besides,Most of them have years of teaching experience and so they know how to guide their students,developing their skills and exploring their potential. For instance,a Physics lecturer does not only talk on theories. Instead,he teaches the students to analyse a problem logically. They are also more caring and responsible to their students. These qualities are hard to seen in college lecturers,who are mostly bachelor degree holder and work just for money. (very serious generalisation here!) Last but not least,university usually has better facilities,for example,the state-of-art computers. Unlike those college such as Inti College which are run by private companies,university has a better management. Thus every single thing in the university,including the infrastructure is planned and developed well. This is beneficial to students. For instance,university with advanced laboratories is beneficial to students as they can learn science better by being explored to the real situation while conducting experiments. Besides,university with better sports facilities can help the students to relax their mind. In other words,better facilities means a more conducive environment for university students. In a nutshell,university education is better than college education for its better education system,lecturers and facilities. Despite the growing number of college in our country,I advice fellow friends to choose university education so that when you graduate,you are competitive enough to survive in this ever developing world.

What Factors Effect Student Cinema Attendance Media Essay

What Factors Effect Student Cinema Attendance Media Essay The main objective of this research is to determine factors that affect UEL students cinema-going behaviour. This report consist two main parts, Research Methodology and Finding and Analysis. At the end, a conclusion will be drawn out based on finding. 1.0 Literature Review Cinema-going refer to an action taken by individual to visit cinema for a movie screening, as those who visit cinema are called cinema-goers (Lipponen et al, 2003). Many researches have been done by researchers on cinema going behaviour in some country such as Australia (Henderson, 2007), Finland, Estonia, and Portugal (Lipponen et al, 2003). These studies focus on characteristics of cinema-goers that are similar between two or more different place. In order to determine what factors that affect cinema going behaviours, several areas of consumer behaviour have put into consideration. Knowledge Consumers knowledge refers to the amount of information that store within the memory of consumer on that particular product or services (Blackwell et al, 2001). What UEL students knew about that movie will affect their cinema-going behaviour. For examples, who is starring that movie? Who is the director? When the movie will be screen on local cinema? Attitudes Basically attitudes refer to what consumer prefer or like to consume. Cinema-goers usually go cinema watch movie is because of their favourite type movie screening. If that particular movie is dislike by him/her, most likely he/she wont go cinema. Perception Sometimes what consumer thought about that particular goods or services might affect their purchasing decision. Example action movies might suit to boys because of fighting scene but not suit for girl as they think that fighting is not good. 2.0 Methodology Research methods that going to apply is sampling method consist of survey throughout UEL students who study in International Business and Marketing course. Comparison between local and foreign students applied as different in background, education level, cinema censorship and perception toward a particular movie. Non-probability sampling applied where questionnaires were distributed based on their knowledge and personality. There are several limitations and advantages (Singleton et al, 1993) by using non-probability sampling. Limitations of non-probability sampling are unable to prevent bias of investigator on selection of participants and unable to predict the sampling error or sample precision. Advantages are less expensive and easy to collect with high respond rate. Primary data Questionnaire consist of 90 sets were distributed among UEL students and 80 sets responded. The questionnaire consists of 3 sections with total of 18 where most are close-ended questions (referring to Appendix 1). Total Responded Rate = 80 / 90 * 100% = 88.89% Besides that, focus group and personal interview have been used to collect primary data. This method apply is because focus group provide more information compare to observation (Morgan, 1997). Besides that, result can be obtained in fast and easy way. Yet some may not be able to join in the focus group due to distance and not easy to locate the right person (Morgan, 1997). Detailed explanation on these two methods stated on Appendix 2. Personally interview was carried out in order to obtain more accurate data beside questionnaire and focus group. Two respondents with different background and knowledge level were selected as they able to provide different answers which are not generalise. Yet limitation of personal interview is bias may occurred when selecting respondents and that respondents may not have the time for interview. 3.0 Finding and Analysis Based on Table 1, questionnaire respondents of 80 divided into two groups, 46 local students and 34 foreign students. All those respondents are UEL students. Question 2: What day in a week you likely will visit to cinema? Based on the finding from questionnaire, Saturday ranked as the first choose of day to go cinema for a movie with a total of 43 (27.56%), both local and foreign, students. While Wednesday ranked as second choice of UEL students with 37 (23.72%) students. Friday and Sunday follow after second ranking. Values of percentage refer to Table 2.1. From the overall finding, we conclude that local and foreign students prefer to watch movie on weekends. Result from focus group has found similarity to questionnaire where majority of member prefer to watch movie on Saturday and Wednesday. One of them stated that Wednesday they able to purchase the ticket using student price. The others stated Saturday is more suitable as their boyfriend/girlfriend/classmates doesnt have any class where they usually unable to meet during weekdays. Yet from personal interview, local respondent choose weekdays as weekends price for ticket is much expensive. Foreign respondent stated that weekends will not suitable as too crowded. Question 3: What types of movie genre you prefer to watch at cinema? Through questionnaire, both local and foreign students prefer to watch action movies in cinema with a total of 54 (20.69%) respondents. While comedy (46 respondents, 17.62%) and romance (30 respondents, 11.49%) following the back. Dance/musical movies found as the lowest pick (20 respondents, 7.66%) and hence being ranked as likely unwelcome movies among local and foreign students. Values of percentage can be found in Table 3.1. Focus group show same result where majority of them are like to watch action movie. Reasons are have different kind of feeling, more excited, sound system made it more real, love to watch martial arts and so on. One of them stated that romance movies are suitable to watch together with their spouse. None of them prefer to watch dance/musical movies at cinema. Personal interview indicated that action movies are their first choice if they wish go cinema. One of respondents says that dance/musical movies are not worth to watch at cinema. Hence conclusion is movie genre can affect UEL student cinema-going behaviour where the movie must in the preference of them. Question 4: What language of movie that you preferred to watch? Based on the result of questionnaire, both local and foreign students prefer to watch English language movies (68 respondents, 57.63%). Chinese language movies are the second higher (38 respondents, 32.2%). Certain respondents have chosen other languages such as Japanese, Korean, and Hindu. From focus group, all respondents choose English language movies. Reasons are they want to improve/strengthen their language in English, much better compare with other types, learn the way they speak and etc. Result from personal interview also supporting finding in questionnaire as they found that their spoken language in English is bad and want to improve by learning how they speak. Local respondent stated that English movies are much more excited that other language movie. Question 5: Usually you go to cinema with whom? From questionnaires result, we found that majority of local and foreign UEL students go cinema with their friends (75 respondents, 64.66%). Spouse (22 respondents, 18.97%) and family (13 respondents, 11.21%) following after friends. This situation occurred as majority of respondents prefer to watch action movies and their girlfriend unwilling to follow them. Focus groups respondents also providing similar answer as questionnaire where they feel that a group of friends go for movie watching is part of their entertainment, fulfil their social needs as illustrated in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (refer to Appendix 3). Result from personal interview show different respond. Local respondent spend much of the time watch movies with his girlfriend while foreign respondent prefer to watch movies with friends as his spouse didnt follow him come here to study. Question 8: Based on your last cinema going experience, please the following statement. (1 Very Poor, 2 Poor, 3 Fair, 4 Good, 5 Very Good) Respondents in questionnaire choose that environment on previous visiting to cinema are good. Majority of local and foreign students (46 respondents which is the highest among three factors, 57.5%) are satisfied with the environment such as seats, screening, sound system and others. This shows that students satisfaction on cinemas environment can be important factor in affecting cinema-going behaviour. At the same time, focus group provide more reasons to support result in questionnaire as all respondents are satisfied with overall environment during last visit to cinema. One of the respondents stated that every single cinema company is competing with each other by providing better environment and services especially Golden Screen Cinema (GSC). The others say they will visit the same cinema again in the future because that particular cinema can satisfied them. Respondents in personal interview stated that environment play less role when determine cinema-going where location is the most important. Even the closer cinema to his house didnt provide good environment, he will insist to go there. Question 9: How do you become aware of the new movies screening in the local cinema? Through questionnaire, we can see that majority of local and foreign UEL students become aware of new movies and obtain their information through newspaper and friends recommendations (both with the same respondents rate of 49, 24.87%). Besides that, online website (36 respondents, 18.27%) is another place where they can get new movies information from. Focus groups respondents also stated that they usually obtain information from their friends or through newspaper. Seldom watch movie trailer before going to cinema and watch that particular movie. Online website usually used for e-reservation purpose only. Personal interview also found that local and foreign UEL students also obtain their information by friends recommendation and newspaper. Respondents stated that movies that rated best or good by friends should be fine with them. Therefore they will go cinema and watch that movies. We able to conclude that friends influence can affect their cinema-going behaviour. Question 10: Please indicate what reasons that discourage you from going cinema. Result from questionnaire show that location (53 respondents, 42.06%) is the main factor that affects their cinema-going behaviour, both local and foreign students. Ticket price ranked as second factor with 28 respondents and 22.22% while public transportation (21 respondents, 16.67%) follows at the back. Those respondents choose others provide reason such as environment and availability of new movies in that cinema. In contrast focus group provides different answer from questionnaire where majority of respondents stated that location is not their concern. They stated that environment is their main concern of going cinema even that cinema located far from their living place. Minority say that public transportation must available as they dont have own transportation. But personal interview show that location is their main concern as they need to travel with their own transport. Sometime traffic is too crowded until they feel tired if that cinema located far from their house. Environment will fall under consideration when going cinema. Question 12: Does the availability of movie viewing alternative such as DVD/VCD/Online streaming discourage you from going cinema? Based on questionnaire result, we may conclude that majority of the respondents will not be discouraged to go cinema even there is availability of movie viewing alternative. The result accumulated with 43 respondents or 53.75% of total respondents. Focus group show supportive result where all respondents choose that movie viewing alternative will not be the factor from discouraging them from going cinema. Respondents say that watching movie at cinema will have different feeling from watching VCD/DVD at home. Besides that environment in cinema can allow couple to strengthen their relation according to respondent. Moreover personal interview show the similar result as questionnaire and focus group. Both local and foreign students will not bought VCD/DVD/Online streaming as they want to be the first person to watch the movie in cinema. Besides that, if the movie is good then they can recommend to their friends. 4.0 Conclusion When preparing the report, comparison is made between local students and foreign students. Through the research, we can conclude that both local and foreign UEL students prefer to watch movies with their friends. Besides that, majority of them go to cinema based on their satisfaction on several areas such as environment, sound system, screen and etc. Yet local students obtain their information for that particular movie through their friends recommendation while foreign students prefer to get information through newspaper. However, this research topic required a deeper analysis to a wider range of factors and keeps up to date where human behaviour will change from time-to-time. (2,057 words) 5.0 Appendixes Survey form sample (Appendix 1) University of East London Stamford College Petaling Jaya Lot 7A, Jalan 223, Seksyen 14, 46100 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Tel: (+603) 79563188 Website: www.stamford.edu.my Dear Sir/Madam, A research has been conducted in order to determine what factors that affect UEL students cinema-going behaviour. Therefore survey form was distributed among UEL students. Information will be used for education and research purpose only. All information disclosed in this survey form will not be distributed or re-used by third party. Please kindly answer ALL questions listed in the survey form. Thank you. Section A: Demographic (Please read the question carefully and place à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ on those answer that most appropriate) Gender: Male Female Age: Below 20 21 23 24 26 27 29 Above 30 Nationality: Malaysian China Indonesian Others: _______________ Race: Malay Chinese Indian Others: _______________ Marital status: Single Married Divorced Highest education level: Primary school Secondary school A Level College University *UEL ID: ____________________ (Year ___ Semester ___) * Field indicated to fill in for future data keeping. Section B: How often do you visit cinema? Everyday 3 4 times per week Once a month Once per week Never visit (Go to Section C) What day in a week you likely will visit to cinema? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday What types of genre you prefer to watch at cinema? (Continued Pg 3) Animation 3D Horror Romance Action Comedy Sci-Fi Dance/Musical What language of movie that you preferred to watch? English Chinese Tamil Others: ______________ Do you prefer to watch movie similar to drama? (eg, High School Musical1, 2 and 3) Yes No Usually you go to cinema with whom? (Can choose more than one answer) Family Friends Spouse Alone How much are you prepared to spend to purchase a cinema ticket? RM 5 RM 10 RM 11 RM 16 RM 17 RM 22 Above RM 22 Based on your last cinema going experience, please rate every statements stated below: Lighting Lighting(1 Very poor, 2 Poor, 3 Fair, 4 Good, 5 Very good) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Clear screen Clear screen à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Air condition Air condition à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Seats setting Seats setting à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sound system Sound system à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ How do you become aware of the new movies screening in the local cinema? (Continue Section C) Magazines Friends recommendation Online website Newspaper Cinema centre Broadcasting Section C: Please indicate what reasons that discourage you from going cinema (Can choose more than one answer). Price Cinema location Public transportation Promotion Other (Please specify: _________________________________________________) Please rank the following cinema companies from most popular to not popular based on your opinions. (1 Most popular, 2 Popular, 3 Fair, 4 Less popular, 5 Not popular) GSC TGV Cathay Cineplex MBO Lotus Five Star Does the availability of movie viewing alternative such as DVD/VCD/Online streaming discourage you from going cinema? Yes No Thank you for helping in this survey. Appendix 2 Focus Group Discussion This group consists of seven members, both local and foreign UEL students. Their personal information was not collected as each person prefer to remain anonymous in this research. Below is the result from the discussion: Usually you prefer to watch movies on which day? Why? Wednesday. Promotion. Student price. Not so crowded as weekends. Friday. No class on Friday for most of the students. Can spend more time with girlfriend/boyfriend. Saturday. Weekends price cheaper than weekdays. Usually not class for their spouse. What movies genre that you always watch at cinema? Action movies Romance movies (usually with spouse) 3D movies yet due to newly introduce therefore seldom watch by students. Horror movies What type of movies language that you prefer to watch at cinema? Why? English. Strengthen their language. Improve their speaking skill. More better if compare with other language Adopt the correct way to speak English. Forced by lecturer to watch English movies. Usually you go to cinema with whom? Why? Friends. Part of their life. To entertain friends because they ask for a movie. Can share opinions after watching movies. Spouse. Being forced. Improve relationship. Do you satisfied with last experience to cinema in term of seat, sound system, and screen? Will you go to that particular cinema again? Satisfied with those three factors. Yes because GSC provide the best environment to their customers. Satisfied. Now every cinema companies are competing in term of environment in order to booths up their sales. Willing to visit that cinema again. How do you become aware of new movies screening in cinema? Newspaper. Online website (usually for reserve purpose) Friends recommendation Does public transportation affect your cinema-going behaviour? No. Usually have own transportation. Major concern when dont have own transportation. Does location will affect your cinema-going behaviour? Yes. Sometime that cinema is located far away from their house. Stuck in traffic jam will feel exhausted and eliminate the mood to watch movie. Usually price will discourage you from going cinema? No. As long the price is within reasonable price range. No. To enjoy different feeling. Yes. Not affordable to purchase expensive ticket. Does alternative of movie viewing such as DVD or online streaming will discourage you from going cinema? No. That kind of feeling which obtained through watching at cinema is different from watching movie at home. No. Able to have more private space with spouse. Personal Interview Respondents personal information: L: Local student (1116421) F: Foreign student (1116608) Date: 12 April 2010 Duration: 45 minutes Can you tell me in which day of a week that you always go watch movies? L: I always watch movies on weekends especially on Saturday because I able to save cost compare to weekdays. F: Prefer to watch on weekdays oh because I can use my student card to get student price on Wednesday. Then what movies genre that you always watch at cinema? L: Action movies will be my first choose because the way they fight make me feel excited. F: Action movies. I dont like to watch dance/musical movies because is very boring and not attractive to me. What language movies that you always watch at cinema? L: English movies. More excited and adventure compare to other type of language. F: English movies because I am weak in speaking English when communicating with friends or lecturer. So I want to learn how to speak English. You usually go to cinema with whom? L: Friends. To entertain them. But majority of the time will go on date with girlfriend as normal day is study day and unable to spend more time with her. F: Friends. No choice because my boyfriend is not with me at Malaysia. Do environment factors affect your cinema going behaviour? Factors such as seat, sound system and screen. L: Of course not. Fuel price becoming more expensive than before so nearest cinema will be my choice. F: No. As long that I able to be with my friends, other factors will not be my concern. How you get your information about new movies at cinema? L: Through my friends and sometime from newspaper. F: Friends recommendation and newspaper. Usually online website was used to book ticket only. Does distance from your house to cinema is another factor discouraging you from going cinema? L: Yes. More nearest to my house, more likely I will choose that cinema. F: Yes. Sometime when the traffic is crowded then I might late for that movie. Then how about public transportation? L: No. Usually I will drive my car. F: No. My friends will come and fetch me. Will you pay high price for a movie? L: Depend on what movie. If that movie is my favourite then I wont mind spending high price but must be reasonable. F: Usually wont because I have limited budget to spend on every week. Will you buy DVD or go online to watch movie instead of going cinema? L: No. That kind of excitement cannot found if watch at home. (Some reasons have been removed due to personal reason) F: No. As long I can be with my friend, I can go watch movie even I watch that movie for more than two times. Appendix 3 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, introduced by Abraham Maslow, a famous psychologist, divine into five areas: Physiological Needs, Security Needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-actualisation needs. In Social Needs stage, human want to have a sense of belonging, being love or loving. Involved in relationship such as friendship, romance, families can help human being to fulfil their needs for companionship and acceptance (Maslow, 1970).